Footnotes

1.

Alien is first used in English in the fourteenth century. The Welsh ‘aliwn’ is a borrowing from the Middle English ‘alyon’, as signified by the use of the English plural in –s. Back to context...

2.

OED quasi adv. (1). It should be pointed out that medieval people did not regard individual languages as discrete entities, as modern scholars are sometimes inclined to do: see, for example, Hanna, 2008. Back to context...

3.

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 672, fols. 60v-61r Back to context...

4.

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Bodley 672, fol. 12v. Back to context...