Footnotes

1.

The poem in Bramley et al., 1994, no. 22 (lines 32-33). Notes to these lines give references to other citations of the battle by twelfth-century poets, including Gwalchmai and Cynddelw. The notes suggest that ‘Cilgwri’s sea-road’ refers to the river Dyfrdwy (p. 385). Back to context...

2.

Jones, 1955, 263. Back to context...

3.

Andrews et al., 1996, no. 50, lines 17-20. For the famous elegy to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd by Gruffudd ab yr Ynad Coch, see Parry, 1962, no. 36; translated in Conran, 1986, pp. 161-4. Back to context...

4.

Bhabha, 1994, 44. See also Fulton, 2008. Back to context...

5.

For examples of anti-Welsh legislation, see Statutes of the Realm , II.128-9 and 140-1; Rotuli Parliamentorum III. 473; Bowen, 1908, 31-37. Back to context...

6.

Davies, 1995, 290-91; Morgan, 1987, 212. Back to context...